May 182010
 
Once a decision has been made that the bedwetting may not spontaneously resolve, children need to take an active  role in treating enuresis.
A child unwilling to invest time and energy, regardless of parental concern, is unlikely to respond to therapy.
We generally institute treatment at 7–8 years of age.
Behavioral:
Behavioral therapy for enuresis is safe, effective, and often used in conjunction with medical therapy. Traditional therapies include regulating fluid intake, bladder training, and an enuresis alarm. Recently, developments in motivational therapy and hypnotherapy hold promise in the
treatment of nocturnal enuresis.
Fluid intake:
Although fluid restriction is often recommended, it has not been shown to be effective, and could place the child at risk for dehydration. More effective is a redistribution of fluid intake to decrease nocturnal polyuria.
Bladder training:
Retention-control training strives to increase the functional  Continue reading »
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May 152010
 
Congenital hypothyroidism-most are primary (i.e., from thyroid gland)
- Sporadic or familial; with or without a goiter
Etiology:
o Most common is thyroid dysgenesis (hypoplasia, aplasia, ectopia); no goiter
o Defect in thyroid hormone synthesis–goitrous; autosomal recessive
o Transient neonatal hypothyroidism (resolves in 3 months)
o Transplacental passage of maternal thyrotropin
o Other:
~ Radioiodine exposure
~ Fetal exposure to excessive iodine (topical iodine antiseptics)
~ Fetal exposure to antithyroid drugs
~ Iodine deficiency or endemic goiter
o Central hypopituitarism
Clinical Manifestations:
- Clinical presentation is known as “cretinism’:
o Prolonged jaundice
o Large tongue
o Umbilical hernia
oEdema
o Mental retardation
o Developmental retardation
o Anterior and posterior fontanels wide
o Mouthopen
o Hypotonia
- Other findings-weight and length normal, feeding difficulties, apnea, sluggish, Continue reading »
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May 142010
 

Reassurance of the family and the patients is the key to the management of normal-variant tall stature.The use of the bone age to predict adult height may provide some comfort, as will general supportive discussions on the social acceptability of this condition.

While treatment is available for girls and boys with excessive growth, its use should be restricted to patients with

(1) predicted adult height >3 SD above the mean (78 inches in males, 71 inches in females) and

(2) evidence of significant psychosocial impairment.

For the family that feels strongly about treatment, a trial of sex steroids may be considered. Such therapy is designed to accelerate puberty and epiphyseal fusion and is therefore of little benefit when given in late puberty; therapy is initiated ideally prepubertally or in early puberty.

In boys, treatment should begin before the bone age reaches 14 yr; testosterone enanthate is used at a dose of 500 mg IM every 2 wk for 6 mo.

In females, oral estrogens in various doses have successfully reduced the predicted height by 5–10 cm on average. This is a direct result of the known effects of sex steroids on promoting epiphyseal fusion; therapy must begin, therefore, before the bone age has reached 12 yr. Oral Continue reading »

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