Colic is commonly described as a behavioral syndrome characterized by excessive, paroxysmal crying. Colic is most likely to occur in the evenings, and it occurs without any identifiable cause. During episodes of colic, an otherwise healthy neonate or infant aged 2 weeks to 4 months is difficult to console. They stiffen, draw up their legs, and pass flatus. Colic is one of the common reasons parents seek the advice of a pediatrician or family practitioner during their child’s first 3 months of life.

Definition

The most widely used definition of colic is based on the amount of crying (ie, paroxysms of crying lasting >3 h, occurring >3 d in any week for 3 wk).

Causes

Colic is a poorly understood phenomenon. It is equally likely to occur in both breastfed and formula-fed infants. Although potential adverse sequelae have been described, the disorder is generally believed to be self-limited and benign. Different feeding practices and crying may result in large amounts of air entering the gastric lumen, which suggests that excessive aerophagia may be associated with colic. Colonic fermentation is the second proposed source of excessive intestinal gas in infants. However, no experimental evidence supports either theory.

Epidemiology

Colic affects 10-30% of infants worldwide.

This condition is encountered in male and female infants with equal frequency.

The colic syndrome is commonly observed in neonates and infants aged 2 weeks to 4 months.

Clinical Presentation

Colic remains a diagnosis of exclusion. Continue reading »

Crohn disease (CD), or Crohn’s disease, is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Once considered rare in the pediatric population, Crohn disease is recognized with increasing frequency among children of all ages. Approximately 20-30% of all patients with Crohn disease present when they are younger than 20 years.

Pathophysiology

The pathogenesis of Crohn disease is multifactorial. After a triggering event occurs in a genetically susceptible individual, an altered immune response leads to chronic inflammation of the intestine. Although the etiology of the precipitating event is unknown, luminal bacteria or specific antigens are thought to be involved.

The macroscopic findings at the time of endoscopy and colonoscopy or surgery include various degrees of edema, erythema, ulceration, friability, thickening of the bowel wall and mesentery, and extension of fat over the serosal surface of the intestine.

Skipped areas of inflammation anywhere in the upper or lower GI tract are characteristic of Crohn disease, in contrast to the continuous diffuse colonic inflammation found with ulcerative colitis(UC). Microscopic findings on intestinal mucosal biopsy consist of chronic inflammation with architectural distortion. Granulomas  are sometimes noted on biopsy findings in Crohn disease.

Clinical Presentation

Patients with suspected Crohn disease (CD), or Crohn’s disease, should initially be evaluated by their primary care team. The patients’ symptoms should be elicited in detail. A medical history, detailed review of systems, and family history should be obtained, and growth parameters should be documented.

A careful assessment of growth and development is an important part of evaluating the pediatric patient. Growth abnormalities may be detected by evaluating several parameters: height and weight, percentage height and weight for the patient’s age and percentage weight for the patient’s height, growth velocity, body composition on anthropometry, and skeletal bone age.

• Vital signs are usually normal, although tachycardia may be present with anemic patients. Chronic intermittent fever is a common presenting sign.
• Body weight and height may reveal weight loss and growth delay.
• Abdominal findings may vary from normal to those of an acute abdomen. Diffuse abdominal tenderness is often present. Fullness or a discrete mass may be appreciated, typically in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen, which may represent a palpable thickened loop of bowel.
• Perianal disease (eg, skin tags, abscesses, fistulae, fissures) is present in approximately 45% of patients.
• Pubertal delay may precede the onset of intestinal symptoms, and accurate Tanner staging should be a part of routine physical examination. Continue reading »